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		<title><![CDATA[FarmersJoint.com - Aquaculture]]></title>
		<link>http://farmersjoint.com/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 19 Apr 2026 09:19:12 +0000</pubDate>
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		<item>
			<title><![CDATA[Is fish farming good?]]></title>
			<link>http://farmersjoint.com/thread-31128.html</link>
			<pubDate>Sat, 12 Jul 2025 17:27:22 +0000</pubDate>
			<dc:creator><![CDATA[<a href="http://farmersjoint.com/member.php?action=profile&uid=27508">Blam</a>]]></dc:creator>
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			<description><![CDATA[I have interest in fish farming. Please who can tell me how profirable it is.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[I have interest in fish farming. Please who can tell me how profirable it is.]]></content:encoded>
		</item>
		<item>
			<title><![CDATA[Catfish Feed Formulae]]></title>
			<link>http://farmersjoint.com/thread-30225.html</link>
			<pubDate>Sun, 09 Oct 2022 18:25:04 +0000</pubDate>
			<dc:creator><![CDATA[<a href="http://farmersjoint.com/member.php?action=profile&uid=0">Danny</a>]]></dc:creator>
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			<description><![CDATA[<span style="font-size: xx-large;" class="mycode_size">Below is a sample catfish feed fmlae I got from a training manual: </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<img src="http://farmersjoint.com/forum-images/catfish-feed-formulae.jpg" loading="lazy"  alt="[Image: catfish-feed-formulae.jpg]" class="mycode_img" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<span style="font-size: xx-large;" class="mycode_size">Below is a sample catfish feed fmlae I got from a training manual: </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<img src="http://farmersjoint.com/forum-images/catfish-feed-formulae.jpg" loading="lazy"  alt="[Image: catfish-feed-formulae.jpg]" class="mycode_img" />]]></content:encoded>
		</item>
		<item>
			<title><![CDATA[TILAPIA AQUACULTURE DEVELOPERS ASSOCIATION OF NIGERIA INAUGURATES ANAMBRA CHAPTER]]></title>
			<link>http://farmersjoint.com/thread-29584.html</link>
			<pubDate>Sun, 18 Jul 2021 20:44:02 +0000</pubDate>
			<dc:creator><![CDATA[<a href="http://farmersjoint.com/member.php?action=profile&uid=1">Henlus</a>]]></dc:creator>
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			<description><![CDATA[AUGUST 14, 2020<br />
<br />
The Tilapia Aquaculture Developers Association of Nigeria TADAN), n Monday, August 10, 2020, inaugurated a six-man executive committee as interim officials to pilot the affairs of the association at this early stage. They are to create a clear objective and catalyze the growth of improved Tilapia production in Anambra state.<br />
<br />
This took place at the Anambra State Fisheries and Aquaculture Business Development Agency (FABDA) Boardroom, Government House Awka.<br />
<br />
The stakeholders unanimously elected the Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of Anambra State Fisheries and Aquaculture Business Development Agency *(FABDA), Mr. Emeka Iloghalu (founder of the TeeMartins Aquaculture Group) as the interim Chairman and Mr. Gabriel Muoneke of Eze Azu farms Nteje as vice chairman.<br />
<br />
Others are:<br />
Anthony Odili of Chinyere Agro Industrial Farms Ltd, General Secretary, Innocent Okeke, Publicity Secretary, Anochie Chigozie of Gozanbee Farms Umunachi, Financial Secretary and Onwuazombe Somadina of Aqua Heritage Farms who emerged as the Welfare Officer.<br />
<br />
Inaugurating the officials, the National President of TADAN, Dr. Remi Ahmed, represented by the Association’s vice president, Mr. Nurudeen Tiamiyu charged the excos to focus on advancing objective and visible growth of Tilapia Aquaculture in Anambra state.<br />
<br />
He noted that TADAN is positioned to develop and grow Tilapia Aquaculture in the country and beyond and sustain it.<br />
“Our direction”, according to him, “is to put Nigeria Tilapia production on the global map and today, Anambra state has joined the list of about ten already inaugurated TADAN chapters in Nigeria.<br />
<br />
“The idea behind what we are doing is to teach our (Tilapia Fish) producers what they need to know through training at both local and international levels” he said.<br />
On his part, the Chief of Staff to the Governor of Anambra state, Mr Primius Odili while congratulating the new officers said the state government is more interested in agriculture, especially fish farming.<br />
<br />
The Chief of Staff at the inauguration of Anambra State Chapter of TADAN<br />
Odili who pointed out that earlier before now, he was a bit skeptical about rearing Tilapia, said that the state is willing to compete favourably with the world in the production of Tilapia and other fish species. “Our people have neglected fish farming for so long a time but I’m optimistic that the state can key in properly with the modern technology in Tilapia production.<br />
<br />
“Farming is for everybody and we should embrace it and that is why we encourage people to start something no matter how small. This is the main reason government recently launched what it called Ugbo Azuno which aims at providing alternative means of livelihood especially during this COVID-19 pandemic. We are launching operation feed Anambra to help salvage the situation”.<br />
<br />
The Chief of staff who was appointed patron of TADAN Anambra state chapter said he is not unaware of some challenges confronting farmers globally but enjoined TADAN members in the state to form cooperatives for easy accessibility of funds and promised to make arrangement for off takers once the farmers can guarantee consistency, growth and sustainability.<br />
<br />
The new chairman, Mr. Emeka Iloghalu in his acceptance speech, said the officials will do their best to represent TADAN very well in the state and as well grow the GDP of Tilapia FIsh in Anambra state and beyond.<br />
<br />
Iloghalu in his earlier presentation disclosed that FABDA was created to grow the economy of the Fisheries and Aquaculture sector in the state for food and for wealth creation in the state.<br />
<br />
He noted that the vision of the Governor in creating the Agency is to be the most visible and largest fish producing state in West Africa, adding that the state is determined to use the special technology to grow Tilapia and other fish species in the state.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.tadan.org/tilapia-aquaculture-developers-association-of-nigeria-inaugurates-anambra-state-chapter/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="mycode_url">http://www.tadan.org/tilapia-aquaculture...e-chapter/</a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[AUGUST 14, 2020<br />
<br />
The Tilapia Aquaculture Developers Association of Nigeria TADAN), n Monday, August 10, 2020, inaugurated a six-man executive committee as interim officials to pilot the affairs of the association at this early stage. They are to create a clear objective and catalyze the growth of improved Tilapia production in Anambra state.<br />
<br />
This took place at the Anambra State Fisheries and Aquaculture Business Development Agency (FABDA) Boardroom, Government House Awka.<br />
<br />
The stakeholders unanimously elected the Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of Anambra State Fisheries and Aquaculture Business Development Agency *(FABDA), Mr. Emeka Iloghalu (founder of the TeeMartins Aquaculture Group) as the interim Chairman and Mr. Gabriel Muoneke of Eze Azu farms Nteje as vice chairman.<br />
<br />
Others are:<br />
Anthony Odili of Chinyere Agro Industrial Farms Ltd, General Secretary, Innocent Okeke, Publicity Secretary, Anochie Chigozie of Gozanbee Farms Umunachi, Financial Secretary and Onwuazombe Somadina of Aqua Heritage Farms who emerged as the Welfare Officer.<br />
<br />
Inaugurating the officials, the National President of TADAN, Dr. Remi Ahmed, represented by the Association’s vice president, Mr. Nurudeen Tiamiyu charged the excos to focus on advancing objective and visible growth of Tilapia Aquaculture in Anambra state.<br />
<br />
He noted that TADAN is positioned to develop and grow Tilapia Aquaculture in the country and beyond and sustain it.<br />
“Our direction”, according to him, “is to put Nigeria Tilapia production on the global map and today, Anambra state has joined the list of about ten already inaugurated TADAN chapters in Nigeria.<br />
<br />
“The idea behind what we are doing is to teach our (Tilapia Fish) producers what they need to know through training at both local and international levels” he said.<br />
On his part, the Chief of Staff to the Governor of Anambra state, Mr Primius Odili while congratulating the new officers said the state government is more interested in agriculture, especially fish farming.<br />
<br />
The Chief of Staff at the inauguration of Anambra State Chapter of TADAN<br />
Odili who pointed out that earlier before now, he was a bit skeptical about rearing Tilapia, said that the state is willing to compete favourably with the world in the production of Tilapia and other fish species. “Our people have neglected fish farming for so long a time but I’m optimistic that the state can key in properly with the modern technology in Tilapia production.<br />
<br />
“Farming is for everybody and we should embrace it and that is why we encourage people to start something no matter how small. This is the main reason government recently launched what it called Ugbo Azuno which aims at providing alternative means of livelihood especially during this COVID-19 pandemic. We are launching operation feed Anambra to help salvage the situation”.<br />
<br />
The Chief of staff who was appointed patron of TADAN Anambra state chapter said he is not unaware of some challenges confronting farmers globally but enjoined TADAN members in the state to form cooperatives for easy accessibility of funds and promised to make arrangement for off takers once the farmers can guarantee consistency, growth and sustainability.<br />
<br />
The new chairman, Mr. Emeka Iloghalu in his acceptance speech, said the officials will do their best to represent TADAN very well in the state and as well grow the GDP of Tilapia FIsh in Anambra state and beyond.<br />
<br />
Iloghalu in his earlier presentation disclosed that FABDA was created to grow the economy of the Fisheries and Aquaculture sector in the state for food and for wealth creation in the state.<br />
<br />
He noted that the vision of the Governor in creating the Agency is to be the most visible and largest fish producing state in West Africa, adding that the state is determined to use the special technology to grow Tilapia and other fish species in the state.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.tadan.org/tilapia-aquaculture-developers-association-of-nigeria-inaugurates-anambra-state-chapter/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="mycode_url">http://www.tadan.org/tilapia-aquaculture...e-chapter/</a>]]></content:encoded>
		</item>
		<item>
			<title><![CDATA[fish feeding]]></title>
			<link>http://farmersjoint.com/thread-13208.html</link>
			<pubDate>Fri, 23 Jun 2017 07:26:40 +0000</pubDate>
			<dc:creator><![CDATA[<a href="http://farmersjoint.com/member.php?action=profile&uid=0">Bupsiny</a>]]></dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://farmersjoint.com/thread-13208.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[is it in order to feed maggots to fish?]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[is it in order to feed maggots to fish?]]></content:encoded>
		</item>
		<item>
			<title><![CDATA[Cultivating Azolla as a livestock feed]]></title>
			<link>http://farmersjoint.com/thread-306.html</link>
			<pubDate>Wed, 17 Feb 2016 23:04:22 +0000</pubDate>
			<dc:creator><![CDATA[<a href="http://farmersjoint.com/member.php?action=profile&uid=1">Henlus</a>]]></dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://farmersjoint.com/thread-306.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[Several cost effective methods can be used for the cultivation of Azolla as a livestock feed. The one described here was developed by India’s Natural Resources Development Project (NARDEP) and reported by agriculaturalnetwork.org:<br />
<a href="http://www.agriculturesnetwork.org/magazines/global/small-animals-in-focus/azolla-livestock-feed" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="mycode_url">http://www.agriculturesnetwork.org/magaz...stock-feed</a><br />
<br />
<!-- start: postbit_attachments_attachment -->
<br /><!-- start: attachment_icon -->
<img src="http://farmersjoint.com/images/attachtypes/image.png" title="JPG Image" border="0" alt=".jpg" />
<!-- end: attachment_icon -->&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="attachment.php?aid=174" target="_blank" title="">Azolla_caroliniana_600x600.jpg</a> (Size: 43.99 KB / Downloads: 6)
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<br />
Much of the information presented below is from NARDEP and the agriculaturalnetwork.org link listed above. The method is also documented in the following publication:<br />
Kamalasanana Pillai, P, S. Premalatha, S. &amp; Rajamony, S. 2001. Azolla – a sustainable feed substitute for livestock. LEISA India, Volume 4 number 1, March 2002.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;" class="mycode_b">NARDEP’s cultivation method</span><br />
NARDEP therefore developed a method for cultivating Azolla that is easy and economical for livestock farmers. One of its attractions is that the dung produced by livestock is used to help fertilize the Azolla plants which, in turn, provide nutrition for the livestock.<br />
<br />
<!-- start: postbit_attachments_attachment -->
<br /><!-- start: attachment_icon -->
<img src="http://farmersjoint.com/images/attachtypes/image.png" title="JPG Image" border="0" alt=".jpg" />
<!-- end: attachment_icon -->&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="attachment.php?aid=175" target="_blank" title="">Azolla-100-gram_600x600.jpg</a> (Size: 86.58 KB / Downloads: 6)
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<br />
• A water body is made, preferably under the shade of a tree, with the help of a silpauline sheet. Silpauline is a polythene tarpaulin which is resistant to the ultra violet radiation in sunlight. A pit of 2 x 2 x 0.2 m is dug as a first step.<br />
• All corners of the pit should be at the same level so that a uniform water level can be maintained. The pit is covered with plastic gunnies to prevent the roots of the nearby trees piercing the silpauline sheet, which is spread over the plastic gunnies.<br />
• About 10 – 15 kg of sieved fertile soil is uniformly spread over the silpauline sheet. Slurry made of 2 kg cow dung and 30 g of Super Phosphate mixed in 10 litres of water, is poured onto the sheet. More water is poured on to raise the water level to about 10 cm.<br />
• About 0.5 – 1 kg of fresh and pure culture of Azolla is placed in the water. This will grow rapidly and fill the pit within 10 – 15 days. From then on, 500 – 600 g of Azollacan be harvested daily. A mixture of 20 g of Super Phosphate and about 1 kg of cow dung should be added once every 5 days in order to maintain rapid multiplication of the Azolla and to maintain the daily yield of 500 g.<br />
• A micronutrient mix containing magnesium, iron, copper, sulphur can also be added at weekly intervals to enhance the mineral content of Azolla.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;" class="mycode_b">Summary of NARDEP’s method of Azolla production</span><br />
• It is important to keep Azolla at the rapid multiplication growth phase with the minimum doubling time. Therefore biomass (around 200 g per square meter) should be removed every day or on alternate days to avoid overcrowding.<br />
• Periodic application of cow-dung slurry, super phosphate and other macro and micronutrients except nitrogen, will keep the fern multiplying rapidly.<br />
• The temperature should be kept below 25°C. If the temperature goes up the light intensity should be reduced by providing shade. If possible, it is best to place the production unit where it is shady.<br />
• The pH should be tested periodically and should be maintained between 5.5 and 7.<br />
• About 5 kg of bed soil should be replaced with fresh soil, once in 30 days, to avoid nitrogen build up and prevent micro-nutrient deficiency.<br />
• 25 to 30 percent of the water also needs to be replaced with fresh water, once every 10 days, to prevent nitrogen build up in the bed.<br />
• The bed should be cleaned, the water and soil replaced and new Azolla inoculated once every six months.<br />
• A fresh bed has to be prepared and inoculated with pure culture of Azolla, when contaminated by pest and diseases.<br />
• The Azolla should be washed in fresh water before use to remove the smell of cow dung.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;" class="mycode_b">Harvesting and preparing Azolla as livestock feed</span><br />
• Harvest the floating Azolla plants using a plastic tray having holes of 1 cm2 mesh size to drain the water.<br />
• Wash the Azolla to get rid of the cow dung smell. Washing also helps in separating the small plants which drain out of the tray. The plants along with water in the bucket can be poured back into the original bed.<br />
• For use as a livestock feed, the fresh Azolla should be mixed with commercial feed in 1:1 ratio to feed livestock. After a fortnight of feeding on Azolla mixed with concentrate, livestock may be fed with Azolla without added concentrate.<br />
• For poultry, Azolla can be fed to egg layers as well as broilers.<br />
• In case of severe pest attack the best option is to empty the entire bed and lay out a fresh bed in a different location.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;" class="mycode_b">Cost</span><br />
The cost of producing Azolla using NARDEPS’ method is less than Rs 0.65 per kilogram (approximately 0.015 US dollars, or 1½ cents per kg).<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;" class="mycode_b">Trying it out</span><br />
The following article by Anita Ingeval from the article Azolla: a sustainable feed for livestock illustrates the successful use of Azolla as a livestock feed:<br />
“After reading the article on Azolla in the March 2002 issue of the LEISA India, the LEISA India columnist and organic farmer Mr. Narayan Reddy decided to test the production of Azolla on his farm. As his grandchildren were visiting, they were set to dig the first bed of 2 x 3 x 0.15-0.2 m.<br />
<br />
To simplify the construction, Mr. Reddy made some adaptations: He lined the bed with a simple plastic sheet, fixed the sheet with the dug out soil together with some concrete along the edges, taking care that the plastic above the water was well covered – as otherwise the sun will rapidly deteriorate the plastic. After fixing the plastic, about 2 – 3 cm of stone free soil was carefully put back in the bottom of the bed which was filled with water.<br />
<br />
The water depth is important; too little water will allow the Azolla roots to grow into the mud, making it difficult to harvest. Too much water will reduce the production as the roots do not reach close enough to the nutrients at the bottom.<br />
<br />
After filling the bed, Mr. Reddy went off to the closest university to ask for some Azolla plants and put them in the water. He added 0.5 – 1 kg of neem cake to prevent possible pest problems and every three weeks he adds slurry of cow dung and water (10 kg fresh cow dung).<br />
One and a half years later Mr. Reddy is enthusiastic about Azolla. He feeds it to his cows and chickens and after getting used to the Azolla (in the beginning he mixed the Azolla with concentrate) the animals love it. He has had to fence the bed to keep them out. He also uses the Azolla for salads, after washing it in fresh water and removing the root.<br />
<br />
He empties and cleans the bed once every half year and starts it up again with some plants, neem cake and cow dung. When the temperatures soar in the summer, the bed is covered with a roof of loose palm leaves to give some shade and reduce light and temperature. However, the use of a simple plastic sheet for lining makes the bed very vulnerable – it can easily be damaged during harvesting or cleaning and Mr. Reddy therefore makes sure that he carries out these tasks himself.<br />
With this simple system, the only costs are for the plastic sheet and for 2 kg of neem cake per year – plus his own labour.”<br />
 <br />
 <br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;" class="mycode_b">Azolla feed pellets</span><br />
Azolla Foundation Associate Dr Kamalasanan Pillai at VKNARDEP in India has developed the technology to produce livestock feed pellets from Azolla:<br />
<br />
“There is an ever increasing demand for milk, meat and egg. The production often fails to cope up with demand with the result the prices of livestock production are going up. 70–80% of the cost of production of livestock is feed cost, and this is increasing on an average 10-15% per annum. Protein part of livestock feed is the costliest part. There is a global deficit of plant protein sources, for feed production for livestock, which act as a major source of protein for humans. This is made good by chemical protein equivalents like urea, anabolic boosters like steroids which affect both the health and longevity of livestock and human consumers.<br />
<br />
We have developed Azolla bio-feed technology to solve this problem. Azolla is a floating fern with a blue green algae endosymbiont in it, which fix atmospheric Nitrogen and produce a variety of protein and protein compounds and is No.1 in biomass 1000 MT/Hectare/year* and No.1 in protein 25–30 MT protein/Hectare/year.<br />
<br />
The poor shelf life of green Azolla was a major shortcoming solved by Azolla based feed pellet technology. The Azolla based pellet is cheaper by 10–15%. Moreover, it improves the quantity and quality of milk, meat etc. by 5–10% production. The technology is eco-friendly, renewable, economically feasible and is a boon to the farming community.”<br />
(* metric tonnes per hectare per year)<br />
<br />
VKNARDEP are based in Vivekanandapuram Kanyakumari,Tamil Nadu, in India. They can be contacted at:<br />
Secretary, Vivekananda Kendra-NARDEP<br />
Vivekanandapuram Kanyakumari<br />
Pin-629702<br />
India<br />
Phone:04652-246296<br />
email: vknardep@gmail.com]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Several cost effective methods can be used for the cultivation of Azolla as a livestock feed. The one described here was developed by India’s Natural Resources Development Project (NARDEP) and reported by agriculaturalnetwork.org:<br />
<a href="http://www.agriculturesnetwork.org/magazines/global/small-animals-in-focus/azolla-livestock-feed" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="mycode_url">http://www.agriculturesnetwork.org/magaz...stock-feed</a><br />
<br />
<!-- start: postbit_attachments_attachment -->
<br /><!-- start: attachment_icon -->
<img src="http://farmersjoint.com/images/attachtypes/image.png" title="JPG Image" border="0" alt=".jpg" />
<!-- end: attachment_icon -->&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="attachment.php?aid=174" target="_blank" title="">Azolla_caroliniana_600x600.jpg</a> (Size: 43.99 KB / Downloads: 6)
<!-- end: postbit_attachments_attachment --><br />
<br />
Much of the information presented below is from NARDEP and the agriculaturalnetwork.org link listed above. The method is also documented in the following publication:<br />
Kamalasanana Pillai, P, S. Premalatha, S. &amp; Rajamony, S. 2001. Azolla – a sustainable feed substitute for livestock. LEISA India, Volume 4 number 1, March 2002.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;" class="mycode_b">NARDEP’s cultivation method</span><br />
NARDEP therefore developed a method for cultivating Azolla that is easy and economical for livestock farmers. One of its attractions is that the dung produced by livestock is used to help fertilize the Azolla plants which, in turn, provide nutrition for the livestock.<br />
<br />
<!-- start: postbit_attachments_attachment -->
<br /><!-- start: attachment_icon -->
<img src="http://farmersjoint.com/images/attachtypes/image.png" title="JPG Image" border="0" alt=".jpg" />
<!-- end: attachment_icon -->&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="attachment.php?aid=175" target="_blank" title="">Azolla-100-gram_600x600.jpg</a> (Size: 86.58 KB / Downloads: 6)
<!-- end: postbit_attachments_attachment --><br />
<br />
• A water body is made, preferably under the shade of a tree, with the help of a silpauline sheet. Silpauline is a polythene tarpaulin which is resistant to the ultra violet radiation in sunlight. A pit of 2 x 2 x 0.2 m is dug as a first step.<br />
• All corners of the pit should be at the same level so that a uniform water level can be maintained. The pit is covered with plastic gunnies to prevent the roots of the nearby trees piercing the silpauline sheet, which is spread over the plastic gunnies.<br />
• About 10 – 15 kg of sieved fertile soil is uniformly spread over the silpauline sheet. Slurry made of 2 kg cow dung and 30 g of Super Phosphate mixed in 10 litres of water, is poured onto the sheet. More water is poured on to raise the water level to about 10 cm.<br />
• About 0.5 – 1 kg of fresh and pure culture of Azolla is placed in the water. This will grow rapidly and fill the pit within 10 – 15 days. From then on, 500 – 600 g of Azollacan be harvested daily. A mixture of 20 g of Super Phosphate and about 1 kg of cow dung should be added once every 5 days in order to maintain rapid multiplication of the Azolla and to maintain the daily yield of 500 g.<br />
• A micronutrient mix containing magnesium, iron, copper, sulphur can also be added at weekly intervals to enhance the mineral content of Azolla.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;" class="mycode_b">Summary of NARDEP’s method of Azolla production</span><br />
• It is important to keep Azolla at the rapid multiplication growth phase with the minimum doubling time. Therefore biomass (around 200 g per square meter) should be removed every day or on alternate days to avoid overcrowding.<br />
• Periodic application of cow-dung slurry, super phosphate and other macro and micronutrients except nitrogen, will keep the fern multiplying rapidly.<br />
• The temperature should be kept below 25°C. If the temperature goes up the light intensity should be reduced by providing shade. If possible, it is best to place the production unit where it is shady.<br />
• The pH should be tested periodically and should be maintained between 5.5 and 7.<br />
• About 5 kg of bed soil should be replaced with fresh soil, once in 30 days, to avoid nitrogen build up and prevent micro-nutrient deficiency.<br />
• 25 to 30 percent of the water also needs to be replaced with fresh water, once every 10 days, to prevent nitrogen build up in the bed.<br />
• The bed should be cleaned, the water and soil replaced and new Azolla inoculated once every six months.<br />
• A fresh bed has to be prepared and inoculated with pure culture of Azolla, when contaminated by pest and diseases.<br />
• The Azolla should be washed in fresh water before use to remove the smell of cow dung.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;" class="mycode_b">Harvesting and preparing Azolla as livestock feed</span><br />
• Harvest the floating Azolla plants using a plastic tray having holes of 1 cm2 mesh size to drain the water.<br />
• Wash the Azolla to get rid of the cow dung smell. Washing also helps in separating the small plants which drain out of the tray. The plants along with water in the bucket can be poured back into the original bed.<br />
• For use as a livestock feed, the fresh Azolla should be mixed with commercial feed in 1:1 ratio to feed livestock. After a fortnight of feeding on Azolla mixed with concentrate, livestock may be fed with Azolla without added concentrate.<br />
• For poultry, Azolla can be fed to egg layers as well as broilers.<br />
• In case of severe pest attack the best option is to empty the entire bed and lay out a fresh bed in a different location.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;" class="mycode_b">Cost</span><br />
The cost of producing Azolla using NARDEPS’ method is less than Rs 0.65 per kilogram (approximately 0.015 US dollars, or 1½ cents per kg).<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;" class="mycode_b">Trying it out</span><br />
The following article by Anita Ingeval from the article Azolla: a sustainable feed for livestock illustrates the successful use of Azolla as a livestock feed:<br />
“After reading the article on Azolla in the March 2002 issue of the LEISA India, the LEISA India columnist and organic farmer Mr. Narayan Reddy decided to test the production of Azolla on his farm. As his grandchildren were visiting, they were set to dig the first bed of 2 x 3 x 0.15-0.2 m.<br />
<br />
To simplify the construction, Mr. Reddy made some adaptations: He lined the bed with a simple plastic sheet, fixed the sheet with the dug out soil together with some concrete along the edges, taking care that the plastic above the water was well covered – as otherwise the sun will rapidly deteriorate the plastic. After fixing the plastic, about 2 – 3 cm of stone free soil was carefully put back in the bottom of the bed which was filled with water.<br />
<br />
The water depth is important; too little water will allow the Azolla roots to grow into the mud, making it difficult to harvest. Too much water will reduce the production as the roots do not reach close enough to the nutrients at the bottom.<br />
<br />
After filling the bed, Mr. Reddy went off to the closest university to ask for some Azolla plants and put them in the water. He added 0.5 – 1 kg of neem cake to prevent possible pest problems and every three weeks he adds slurry of cow dung and water (10 kg fresh cow dung).<br />
One and a half years later Mr. Reddy is enthusiastic about Azolla. He feeds it to his cows and chickens and after getting used to the Azolla (in the beginning he mixed the Azolla with concentrate) the animals love it. He has had to fence the bed to keep them out. He also uses the Azolla for salads, after washing it in fresh water and removing the root.<br />
<br />
He empties and cleans the bed once every half year and starts it up again with some plants, neem cake and cow dung. When the temperatures soar in the summer, the bed is covered with a roof of loose palm leaves to give some shade and reduce light and temperature. However, the use of a simple plastic sheet for lining makes the bed very vulnerable – it can easily be damaged during harvesting or cleaning and Mr. Reddy therefore makes sure that he carries out these tasks himself.<br />
With this simple system, the only costs are for the plastic sheet and for 2 kg of neem cake per year – plus his own labour.”<br />
 <br />
 <br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;" class="mycode_b">Azolla feed pellets</span><br />
Azolla Foundation Associate Dr Kamalasanan Pillai at VKNARDEP in India has developed the technology to produce livestock feed pellets from Azolla:<br />
<br />
“There is an ever increasing demand for milk, meat and egg. The production often fails to cope up with demand with the result the prices of livestock production are going up. 70–80% of the cost of production of livestock is feed cost, and this is increasing on an average 10-15% per annum. Protein part of livestock feed is the costliest part. There is a global deficit of plant protein sources, for feed production for livestock, which act as a major source of protein for humans. This is made good by chemical protein equivalents like urea, anabolic boosters like steroids which affect both the health and longevity of livestock and human consumers.<br />
<br />
We have developed Azolla bio-feed technology to solve this problem. Azolla is a floating fern with a blue green algae endosymbiont in it, which fix atmospheric Nitrogen and produce a variety of protein and protein compounds and is No.1 in biomass 1000 MT/Hectare/year* and No.1 in protein 25–30 MT protein/Hectare/year.<br />
<br />
The poor shelf life of green Azolla was a major shortcoming solved by Azolla based feed pellet technology. The Azolla based pellet is cheaper by 10–15%. Moreover, it improves the quantity and quality of milk, meat etc. by 5–10% production. The technology is eco-friendly, renewable, economically feasible and is a boon to the farming community.”<br />
(* metric tonnes per hectare per year)<br />
<br />
VKNARDEP are based in Vivekanandapuram Kanyakumari,Tamil Nadu, in India. They can be contacted at:<br />
Secretary, Vivekananda Kendra-NARDEP<br />
Vivekanandapuram Kanyakumari<br />
Pin-629702<br />
India<br />
Phone:04652-246296<br />
email: vknardep@gmail.com]]></content:encoded>
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			<title><![CDATA[What is the Difference Between Duckweed and Azolla?]]></title>
			<link>http://farmersjoint.com/thread-49.html</link>
			<pubDate>Sat, 13 Jun 2015 20:32:51 +0000</pubDate>
			<dc:creator><![CDATA[<a href="http://farmersjoint.com/member.php?action=profile&uid=14">Hippo</a>]]></dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://farmersjoint.com/thread-49.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[What is the Difference Between Duckweed and Azolla?]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[What is the Difference Between Duckweed and Azolla?]]></content:encoded>
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			<title><![CDATA[Oxygenating Fish Pond with Ozone]]></title>
			<link>http://farmersjoint.com/thread-200.html</link>
			<pubDate>Sat, 04 Apr 2015 14:12:40 +0000</pubDate>
			<dc:creator><![CDATA[<a href="http://farmersjoint.com/member.php?action=profile&uid=12">Manihot</a>]]></dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://farmersjoint.com/thread-200.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[Since ozone contains more oxygen than oxygen itself, and it is 10 times more soluble in water than oxygen. From my research, I see that ozone is easy to produce from oxygen. So I'm thinking of the possibility of oxygenating high density fish ponds with ozone rather than the costly practice of agitating or bubbling air into the water. What do you think?]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Since ozone contains more oxygen than oxygen itself, and it is 10 times more soluble in water than oxygen. From my research, I see that ozone is easy to produce from oxygen. So I'm thinking of the possibility of oxygenating high density fish ponds with ozone rather than the costly practice of agitating or bubbling air into the water. What do you think?]]></content:encoded>
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			<title><![CDATA[Which Type of Sawdust to Use for Bedding]]></title>
			<link>http://farmersjoint.com/thread-176.html</link>
			<pubDate>Sun, 08 Feb 2015 22:30:15 +0000</pubDate>
			<dc:creator><![CDATA[<a href="http://farmersjoint.com/member.php?action=profile&uid=0">Charly</a>]]></dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://farmersjoint.com/thread-176.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[You know there are sawdusts that are small like sand and those ones that are bigger. Which one should be used in chicken house?]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[You know there are sawdusts that are small like sand and those ones that are bigger. Which one should be used in chicken house?]]></content:encoded>
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			<title><![CDATA[Market for Table-size Catfish]]></title>
			<link>http://farmersjoint.com/thread-175.html</link>
			<pubDate>Sun, 08 Feb 2015 22:28:08 +0000</pubDate>
			<dc:creator><![CDATA[<a href="http://farmersjoint.com/member.php?action=profile&uid=0">Charly</a>]]></dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://farmersjoint.com/thread-175.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[Hello all, please what are the possible markets for catfish? Especially where I can sell in large quantity.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Hello all, please what are the possible markets for catfish? Especially where I can sell in large quantity.]]></content:encoded>
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		<item>
			<title><![CDATA[CATFISH MANUAL]]></title>
			<link>http://farmersjoint.com/thread-172.html</link>
			<pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2015 11:44:25 +0000</pubDate>
			<dc:creator><![CDATA[<a href="http://farmersjoint.com/member.php?action=profile&uid=29">infotainment</a>]]></dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://farmersjoint.com/thread-172.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[Dear All,<br />
the attached manual could be of help to catfish farmers and affter reading pls lets come back here to discuss the workability,of the hatching techniques used in the manual<br /><!-- start: postbit_attachments_attachment -->
<br /><!-- start: attachment_icon -->
<img src="http://farmersjoint.com/images/attachtypes/pdf.png" title="Adobe Acrobat PDF" border="0" alt=".pdf" />
<!-- end: attachment_icon -->&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="attachment.php?aid=86" target="_blank" title="">Clarias FAO Handbook.pdf</a> (Size: 1,000.91 KB / Downloads: 37)
<!-- end: postbit_attachments_attachment -->]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Dear All,<br />
the attached manual could be of help to catfish farmers and affter reading pls lets come back here to discuss the workability,of the hatching techniques used in the manual<br /><!-- start: postbit_attachments_attachment -->
<br /><!-- start: attachment_icon -->
<img src="http://farmersjoint.com/images/attachtypes/pdf.png" title="Adobe Acrobat PDF" border="0" alt=".pdf" />
<!-- end: attachment_icon -->&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="attachment.php?aid=86" target="_blank" title="">Clarias FAO Handbook.pdf</a> (Size: 1,000.91 KB / Downloads: 37)
<!-- end: postbit_attachments_attachment -->]]></content:encoded>
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			<title><![CDATA[Maggots as Fish Feed]]></title>
			<link>http://farmersjoint.com/thread-138.html</link>
			<pubDate>Mon, 12 Jan 2015 23:37:33 +0000</pubDate>
			<dc:creator><![CDATA[<a href="http://farmersjoint.com/member.php?action=profile&uid=1">Henlus</a>]]></dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://farmersjoint.com/thread-138.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[<span style="font-size: small;" class="mycode_size">Interesting finding:</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;" class="mycode_size">You can produce maggots from fibrous vegetable material and poultry droppings. You’ll need something like a tank with a capacity of one cubic metre (1m3). Fill it with water until the water level is about 15cm from the top. Then dried stalks of maize, amaranth, groundnut, soya and other legumes are soaked in the water and some poultry droppings are added. Flies will come and lay their eggs in the soaked material. After five to seven days, the eggs will hatched and larvae would have attended a large enough size. Beyond 7 days, the maggots will develop into adult flies. </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;" class="mycode_size">You must cover the tank to protect the eggs from intense sunlight. If you don’t, up to 50 percent of the eggs will die.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;" class="mycode_size">You can produce maggots this way, dry them and use it to formulate feed for various animals.</span><br />
<br />
Another mtd is described here: <a href="http://www.farmersjoint.com/thread-301.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="mycode_url">http://www.farmersjoint.com/thread-301.html</a>. I've tried it out!<br />
<!-- start: postbit_attachments_attachment -->
<br /><!-- start: attachment_icon -->
<img src="http://farmersjoint.com/images/attachtypes/image.png" title="JPG Image" border="0" alt=".jpg" />
<!-- end: attachment_icon -->&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="attachment.php?aid=61" target="_blank" title="">Drying-maggots.jpg</a> (Size: 407.58 KB / Downloads: 20)
<!-- end: postbit_attachments_attachment -->]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<span style="font-size: small;" class="mycode_size">Interesting finding:</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;" class="mycode_size">You can produce maggots from fibrous vegetable material and poultry droppings. You’ll need something like a tank with a capacity of one cubic metre (1m3). Fill it with water until the water level is about 15cm from the top. Then dried stalks of maize, amaranth, groundnut, soya and other legumes are soaked in the water and some poultry droppings are added. Flies will come and lay their eggs in the soaked material. After five to seven days, the eggs will hatched and larvae would have attended a large enough size. Beyond 7 days, the maggots will develop into adult flies. </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;" class="mycode_size">You must cover the tank to protect the eggs from intense sunlight. If you don’t, up to 50 percent of the eggs will die.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;" class="mycode_size">You can produce maggots this way, dry them and use it to formulate feed for various animals.</span><br />
<br />
Another mtd is described here: <a href="http://www.farmersjoint.com/thread-301.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="mycode_url">http://www.farmersjoint.com/thread-301.html</a>. I've tried it out!<br />
<!-- start: postbit_attachments_attachment -->
<br /><!-- start: attachment_icon -->
<img src="http://farmersjoint.com/images/attachtypes/image.png" title="JPG Image" border="0" alt=".jpg" />
<!-- end: attachment_icon -->&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="attachment.php?aid=61" target="_blank" title="">Drying-maggots.jpg</a> (Size: 407.58 KB / Downloads: 20)
<!-- end: postbit_attachments_attachment -->]]></content:encoded>
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			<title><![CDATA[Crayfish Farming Question]]></title>
			<link>http://farmersjoint.com/thread-125.html</link>
			<pubDate>Sun, 11 Jan 2015 01:25:07 +0000</pubDate>
			<dc:creator><![CDATA[<a href="http://farmersjoint.com/member.php?action=profile&uid=44">FarmTech</a>]]></dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://farmersjoint.com/thread-125.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[Is anyone here into crayfish farming? Or do you have any experience about it?]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Is anyone here into crayfish farming? Or do you have any experience about it?]]></content:encoded>
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			<title><![CDATA[Lighting Fish Pond to Attract Free Protein]]></title>
			<link>http://farmersjoint.com/thread-124.html</link>
			<pubDate>Sun, 11 Jan 2015 01:23:14 +0000</pubDate>
			<dc:creator><![CDATA[<a href="http://farmersjoint.com/member.php?action=profile&uid=44">FarmTech</a>]]></dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://farmersjoint.com/thread-124.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[What do you think about using light over fish ponds to attract insects at night? Those that fall into the pond the fish would eat. Isn’t that cheap protein?<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;" class="mycode_align"><!-- start: postbit_attachments_attachment -->
<br /><!-- start: attachment_icon -->
<img src="http://farmersjoint.com/images/attachtypes/image.png" title="JPG Image" border="0" alt=".jpg" />
<!-- end: attachment_icon -->&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="attachment.php?aid=144" target="_blank" title="">Screenshot_20250511-165503.jpg</a> (Size: 51.9 KB / Downloads: 2)
<!-- end: postbit_attachments_attachment --></div>
<div style="text-align: center;" class="mycode_align">Source: <a href="http://shelbyfishfarm.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="mycode_url">shelbyfishfarm.com</a></div>
<br />
Instead of filament bulbs, you can use LED lights since they consume less electricity.<br />
<br />
<!-- start: postbit_attachments_attachment -->
<br /><!-- start: attachment_icon -->
<img src="http://farmersjoint.com/images/attachtypes/image.png" title="JPG Image" border="0" alt=".jpg" />
<!-- end: attachment_icon -->&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="attachment.php?aid=145" target="_blank" title="">sample_0.jpg</a> (Size: 104.04 KB / Downloads: 2)
<!-- end: postbit_attachments_attachment -->]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[What do you think about using light over fish ponds to attract insects at night? Those that fall into the pond the fish would eat. Isn’t that cheap protein?<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;" class="mycode_align"><!-- start: postbit_attachments_attachment -->
<br /><!-- start: attachment_icon -->
<img src="http://farmersjoint.com/images/attachtypes/image.png" title="JPG Image" border="0" alt=".jpg" />
<!-- end: attachment_icon -->&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="attachment.php?aid=144" target="_blank" title="">Screenshot_20250511-165503.jpg</a> (Size: 51.9 KB / Downloads: 2)
<!-- end: postbit_attachments_attachment --></div>
<div style="text-align: center;" class="mycode_align">Source: <a href="http://shelbyfishfarm.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="mycode_url">shelbyfishfarm.com</a></div>
<br />
Instead of filament bulbs, you can use LED lights since they consume less electricity.<br />
<br />
<!-- start: postbit_attachments_attachment -->
<br /><!-- start: attachment_icon -->
<img src="http://farmersjoint.com/images/attachtypes/image.png" title="JPG Image" border="0" alt=".jpg" />
<!-- end: attachment_icon -->&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="attachment.php?aid=145" target="_blank" title="">sample_0.jpg</a> (Size: 104.04 KB / Downloads: 2)
<!-- end: postbit_attachments_attachment -->]]></content:encoded>
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			<title><![CDATA[Melange Farming]]></title>
			<link>http://farmersjoint.com/thread-115.html</link>
			<pubDate>Sun, 11 Jan 2015 00:21:18 +0000</pubDate>
			<dc:creator><![CDATA[<a href="http://farmersjoint.com/member.php?action=profile&uid=44">FarmTech</a>]]></dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://farmersjoint.com/thread-115.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[Catfish farmers normally raise their fish until they attain a weight of 0.8kg or more before they sell. But in mélange farming, catfish are raised to 300-500g (for 2.5-3 months) before they’re sold either fresh or smoked. This method is highly profitable because at such a young age, catfish will grow faster while eating less feed.<br />
It would be far more profitable if you hatch your own fish than when you buy them.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;" class="mycode_b">Possible Markets</span><br />
•	You can sell them fresh or smoked to market women that sell fish. They’ll buy in bulk and no packaging is required.<br />
•	You can sell them smoked to shops/malls or in offices like the banks, government institutions etc. You’ll get ready customers if it is well packaged.<br />
<br />
Giving honor to whom honor is due: I got this idea from a forum friend called <a href="http://www.nairaland.com/robonski15" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="mycode_url">Robonski on Nairaland</a>. From his posts and threads I see him as an experience fish farmer. If you have specific questions about this topic, you can contact him for help.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Catfish farmers normally raise their fish until they attain a weight of 0.8kg or more before they sell. But in mélange farming, catfish are raised to 300-500g (for 2.5-3 months) before they’re sold either fresh or smoked. This method is highly profitable because at such a young age, catfish will grow faster while eating less feed.<br />
It would be far more profitable if you hatch your own fish than when you buy them.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;" class="mycode_b">Possible Markets</span><br />
•	You can sell them fresh or smoked to market women that sell fish. They’ll buy in bulk and no packaging is required.<br />
•	You can sell them smoked to shops/malls or in offices like the banks, government institutions etc. You’ll get ready customers if it is well packaged.<br />
<br />
Giving honor to whom honor is due: I got this idea from a forum friend called <a href="http://www.nairaland.com/robonski15" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="mycode_url">Robonski on Nairaland</a>. From his posts and threads I see him as an experience fish farmer. If you have specific questions about this topic, you can contact him for help.]]></content:encoded>
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		<item>
			<title><![CDATA[Fish-Crayfish Farming]]></title>
			<link>http://farmersjoint.com/thread-86.html</link>
			<pubDate>Tue, 11 Nov 2014 22:03:23 +0000</pubDate>
			<dc:creator><![CDATA[<a href="http://farmersjoint.com/member.php?action=profile&uid=0">Donk</a>]]></dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://farmersjoint.com/thread-86.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[Which fish can be raise together with crayfish? A fish that will not use the crayfish for breakfast, lunch and dinner.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Which fish can be raise together with crayfish? A fish that will not use the crayfish for breakfast, lunch and dinner.]]></content:encoded>
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